hashTable_tpl.h

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#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>

// to help IDE parser
#include <agrum/core/hashTable.h>

namespace gum {


  // ===========================================================================
  // ===     IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHAINED LISTS USED IN THE HASH TABLES     ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  void HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::__copy(
     const HashTableList< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& from) {
    Bucket *ptr, *old_ptr{nullptr}, *new_elt{nullptr};
    // set the defaults
    __deb_list = nullptr;

    // copy from's list
    try {
      for (ptr = from.__deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
        // copy the current from's bucket (may throw an exception either because
        // new cannot allocate the bucket or because the copy constructor of Val
        // throws an exception)
        new_elt = __alloc_bucket->allocate(1);

        try {
          __alloc_bucket->construct(new_elt, *ptr);
        } catch (...) {
          __alloc_bucket->deallocate(new_elt, 1);
          throw;
        }

        // rechain properly the new list
        new_elt->prev = old_ptr;

        if (old_ptr != nullptr)
          old_ptr->next = new_elt;
        else
          __deb_list = new_elt;

        old_ptr = new_elt;
      }

      if (old_ptr != nullptr) old_ptr->next = nullptr;

      // update the number of elements stored into the list and the end of the
      // list
      __nb_elements = from.__nb_elements;
      __end_list = new_elt;
    } catch (...) {
      // problem: we could not allocate an element in the list => we delete
      // the elements created so far and we throw an exception
      for (; __deb_list != nullptr; __deb_list = new_elt) {
        new_elt = __deb_list->next;
        __alloc_bucket->destroy(__deb_list);
        __alloc_bucket->deallocate(__deb_list, 1);
      }

      __nb_elements = 0;
      __end_list = nullptr;

      throw;
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableBucket< Key, Val >*
         HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::bucket(const Key& key) const {
    for (Bucket* ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = ptr->next)
      if (ptr->key() == key) return ptr;

    return nullptr;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::erase(HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* ptr) {
    // check that the pointer is not nullptr
    if (ptr == nullptr) {
      GUM_ERROR(NullElement, "trying to erase a nullptr bucket");
    }

    // relink properly the doubly chained list
    if (ptr->prev != nullptr)
      ptr->prev->next = ptr->next;
    else
      __deb_list = ptr->next;

    if (ptr->next != nullptr)
      ptr->next->prev = ptr->prev;
    else
      __end_list = ptr->prev;

    // remove the current element from the list
    __alloc_bucket->destroy(ptr);
    __alloc_bucket->deallocate(ptr, 1);

    --__nb_elements;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTableList(
     typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::BucketAllocator*
        allocator) noexcept :
      __alloc_bucket{allocator} {}

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTableList(
     const HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& from) :
      __alloc_bucket{from.__alloc_bucket} {
    __copy(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTableList(
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >&& from) noexcept :
      __deb_list{from.__deb_list},
      __end_list{from.__end_list}, __nb_elements{from.__nb_elements},
      __alloc_bucket{from.__alloc_bucket} {
    from.__deb_list = nullptr;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::~HashTableList() {
    for (Bucket *next_ptr, *ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = next_ptr) {
      next_ptr = ptr->next;
      __alloc_bucket->destroy(ptr);
      __alloc_bucket->deallocate(ptr, 1);
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::clear() {
    for (Bucket *next_ptr, *ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = next_ptr) {
      next_ptr = ptr->next;
      __alloc_bucket->destroy(ptr);
      __alloc_bucket->deallocate(ptr, 1);
    }

    __nb_elements = Size(0);
    __deb_list = nullptr;
    __end_list = nullptr;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                           operator=(const HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& from) {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this != &from) {
      clear();
      __copy(from);
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                           operator=(const HashTableList< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& from) {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this
        != reinterpret_cast< const HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >* >(&from)) {
      clear();
      __copy(from);
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                           operator=(HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >&& from) noexcept {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this != &from) {
      __deb_list = from.__deb_list;
      __end_list = from.__end_list;
      __nb_elements = from.__nb_elements;
      from.__deb_list = nullptr;
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::setAllocator(
     typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::BucketAllocator& alloc) {
    __alloc_bucket = &alloc;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::at(Size i) {
    if (i >= __nb_elements) {
      GUM_ERROR(NotFound, "not enough elements in the chained list");
    }

    Bucket* ptr;

    for (ptr = __deb_list; i; --i, ptr = ptr->next) {}

    return ptr->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::at(Size i) const {
    if (i >= __nb_elements) {
      GUM_ERROR(NotFound, "not enough elements in the chained list");
    }

    Bucket* ptr;

    for (ptr = __deb_list; i; --i, ptr = ptr->next) {}

    return ptr->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::mapped_type&
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::operator[](const Key& key) const {
    for (Bucket* ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = ptr->next)
      if (ptr->key() == key) return ptr->val();

    GUM_ERROR(NotFound,
              "hashtable's chained list contains no element with this key <"
                 << key << ">");
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::mapped_type&
     HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::operator[](const Key& key) {
    for (Bucket* ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = ptr->next)
      if (ptr->key() == key) return ptr->val();

    GUM_ERROR(NotFound,
              "hashtable's chained list contains no element with this key <"
                 << key << ">");
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::exists(const Key& key) const {
    for (Bucket* ptr = __deb_list; ptr != nullptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
      if (ptr->key() == key) { return true; }
    }

    return false;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::empty() const noexcept {
    return (__nb_elements == Size(0));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >::insert(
     HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* new_elt) noexcept {
    // place the bucket at the beginning of the list
    new_elt->prev = nullptr;
    new_elt->next = __deb_list;

    if (__deb_list != nullptr)
      __deb_list->prev = new_elt;
    else
      __end_list = new_elt;

    __deb_list = new_elt;

    ++__nb_elements;
  }

  // ===========================================================================
  // ===                   GENERIC HASH TABLE IMPLEMENTATION                 ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::__copy(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& table) {
    // in debug mode, check that this and table have '__nodes' arrays of the
    // same size
    GUM_ASSERT(table.__size == __size);

    // try to fill the array of chained lists
    for (Size i = 0; i < table.__size; ++i) {
      try {
        __nodes[i] = table.__nodes[i];
      } catch (...) {
        // here we could allocate the __nodes[j], j=0..i-1, so we should
        // deallocate them
        for (Size j = 0; j < __size; ++j)
          __nodes[j].clear();

        __nb_elements = Size(0);

        // propagate the exception
        throw;
      }
    }

    __nb_elements = table.__nb_elements;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::end4Statics() {
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const iterator* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::end4Statics()));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::constEnd4Statics() {
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::constEnd4Statics()));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator_safe&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::endSafe4Statics() {
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const iterator_safe* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::endSafe4Statics()));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator_safe&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::constEndSafe4Statics() {
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator_safe* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::constEndSafe4Statics()));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::__create(Size size) {
    // setup the __nodes vector (contains only empty lists)
    __nodes.resize(size);

    for (auto& list : __nodes) {
      list.setAllocator(__alloc);
    }

    // set up properly the hash function
    __hash_func.resize(size);

    // make sure the end() iterator is constructed properly
    end4Statics();
    endSafe4Statics();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTable(Size size_param,
                                          bool resize_pol,
                                          bool key_uniqueness_pol) :
      // size must be >= 2 else we lose all the bits of the hash function
      __size{Size(1) << __hashTableLog2(std::max(Size(2), size_param))},
      __resize_policy{resize_pol}, __key_uniqueness_policy{key_uniqueness_pol} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTable);

    // finalize the creation
    __create(__size);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTable(
     std::initializer_list< std::pair< Key, Val > > list) :
      // size must be >= 2 else we lose all the bits of the hash function
      __size{Size(1) << __hashTableLog2(
                std::max< Size >(Size(2), Size(list.size()) / 2))} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTable);

    // setup the __nodes vector (contains only empty lists)
    __create(__size);

    // insert all the elements
    for (const auto& elt : list) {
      insert(elt);
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTable(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& table) :
      __size{table.__size},
      __resize_policy{table.__resize_policy},
      __key_uniqueness_policy{table.__key_uniqueness_policy},
      __begin_index{table.__begin_index} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTable);

    // setup the __nodes vector (contains only empty lists)
    __create(__size);

    // fill with the content of table
    __copy(table);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTable(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& table) :
      __size{table.__size},
      __resize_policy{table.__resize_policy},
      __key_uniqueness_policy{table.__key_uniqueness_policy},
      __begin_index{table.__begin_index} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTable);

    // setup the __nodes vector (contains only empty lists)
    __create(__size);

    // fill with the content of table
    __copy(table);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::HashTable(HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >&& table) :
      __nodes(std::move(table.__nodes)), __size{table.__size},
      __nb_elements{table.__nb_elements}, __hash_func{table.__hash_func},
      __resize_policy{table.__resize_policy},
      __key_uniqueness_policy{table.__key_uniqueness_policy},
      __begin_index{table.__begin_index},
      __safe_iterators(std::move(table.__safe_iterators)),
      __alloc(std::move(table.__alloc)) {
    // for debugging purposes
    table.__size = 0;
    GUM_CONS_MOV(HashTable);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::__clearIterators() {
    const Size len = __safe_iterators.size();
    for (Size i = Size(0); i < len; ++i)
      __safe_iterators[i]->clear();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::clear() {
    // update all the registered iterators: they should now point to nullptr
    // and they are positioned to the end of the hashtable.
    __clearIterators();

    // remove the buckets
    for (Size i = Size(0); i < __size; ++i)
      __nodes[i].clear();

    __nb_elements = Size(0);
    __begin_index = std::numeric_limits< Size >::max();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::~HashTable() {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(HashTable);

    // update all the registered iterators: they should now point to nullptr
    // and their hashtable should be set to nullptr
    __clearIterators();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                operator=(const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& from) {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this != &from) {
      // for debugging purposes
      GUM_OP_CPY(HashTable);

      // first remove the current content of the hashtable and make
      // the iterators point to end
      clear();

      // if sizes of from's and this' __nodes vectors are not the same,
      // we need to remove the current __nodes' array and to create a
      // new array with the correct size
      if (__size != from.__size) {
        __nodes.resize(from.__size);

        for (Size i = Size(0); i < from.__size; ++i) {
          __nodes[i].setAllocator(__alloc);
        }

        __size = from.__size;

        // update the hash function : this is important as the computation of
        // the hash values heavily depends on the size of the hash table
        __hash_func.resize(__size);
      }

      __resize_policy = from.__resize_policy;
      __key_uniqueness_policy = from.__key_uniqueness_policy;
      __begin_index = from.__begin_index;

      // perform the copy
      __copy(from);
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                operator=(const HashTable< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& from) {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this != reinterpret_cast< const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >* >(&from)) {
      // for debugging purposes
      GUM_OP_CPY(HashTable);

      // first remove the current content of the hashtable and make
      // the iterators point to end
      clear();

      // if sizes of from's and this' __nodes vectors are not the same,
      // we need to remove the current __nodes' array and to create a
      // new array with the correct size
      if (__size != from.__size) {
        __nodes.resize(from.__size);

        for (Size i = 0; i < from.__size; ++i) {
          __nodes[i].setAllocator(__alloc);
        }

        __size = from.__size;

        // update the hash function : this is important as the computation of
        // the hash values heavily depends on the size of the hash table
        __hash_func.resize(__size);
      }

      __resize_policy = from.__resize_policy;
      __key_uniqueness_policy = from.__key_uniqueness_policy;
      __begin_index = from.__begin_index;

      // perform the copy
      __copy(from);
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                                operator=(HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >&& table) {
    // avoid self assignment
    if (this != &table) {
      // for debugging purposes
      GUM_OP_MOV(HashTable);

      // first remove the current content of the hashtable and make
      // the iterators point to end
      clear();

      __nodes = std::move(table.__nodes);
      __safe_iterators = std::move(table.__safe_iterators);
      __alloc = std::move(table.__alloc);
      __size = table.__size;
      __nb_elements = table.__nb_elements;
      __hash_func = table.__hash_func;
      __resize_policy = table.__resize_policy;
      __key_uniqueness_policy = table.__key_uniqueness_policy;
      __begin_index = table.__begin_index;

      table.__size = 0;   // necessary if we wish to perform moves iteratively,
                          // i.e. x = std::move ( y ); y = std::move ( z ); ...
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::end() noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const iterator* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEnd));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::end() const noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEnd));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::cend() const noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEnd));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::begin() {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return iterator{end()};
    else
      return iterator{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::begin() const {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return const_iterator{end()};
    else
      return const_iterator{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::cbegin() const {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return const_iterator{cend()};
    else
      return const_iterator{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator_safe&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::endSafe() noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const iterator_safe* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEndSafe));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator_safe&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::endSafe() const noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator_safe* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEndSafe));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator_safe&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::cendSafe() const noexcept {
    // note that, here, we know for sure that HashTableIterEnd has been properly
    // initialized as it is initialized by end4Statics, which is called by
    // all hashtables' constructors
    return *(reinterpret_cast< const const_iterator_safe* >(
       HashTableIteratorStaticEnd::__HashTableIterEndSafe));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::iterator_safe
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::beginSafe() {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return iterator_safe{endSafe()};
    else
      return iterator_safe{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator_safe
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::beginSafe() const {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return const_iterator_safe{endSafe()};
    else
      return const_iterator_safe{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::const_iterator_safe
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::cbeginSafe() const {
    // if the table is empty, make the begin and end point to the same element
    if (__nb_elements == Size(0))
      return const_iterator_safe{cendSafe()};
    else
      return const_iterator_safe{*this};
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE Val& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::operator[](const Key& key) {
    return __nodes[__hash_func(key)][key];
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const Val& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
                    operator[](const Key& key) const {
    return __nodes[__hash_func(key)][key];
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE Size HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::size() const noexcept {
    return __nb_elements;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE Size HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::capacity() const noexcept {
    return __size;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::exists(const Key& key) const {
    return __nodes[__hash_func(key)].exists(key);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::setResizePolicy(
     const bool new_policy) noexcept {
    __resize_policy = new_policy;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::resizePolicy() const noexcept {
    return __resize_policy;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::setKeyUniquenessPolicy(
     const bool new_policy) noexcept {
    __key_uniqueness_policy = new_policy;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::keyUniquenessPolicy() const noexcept {
    return __key_uniqueness_policy;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::resize(Size new_size) {
    // new_size must be >= 2 else all the bits of the hash function are lost
    new_size = std::max(Size(2), new_size);

    // find the real size for allocation (the smallest power of 2 greater
    // than or equal to new_size) and get its base-2 logarithm
    int log_size = __hashTableLog2(new_size);
    new_size = Size(1) << log_size;

    // check if the new size is different from the actual size
    // if not, nothing else need be done

    if (new_size != __size) {
      // under automatic resize policy, check if the new size leaves
      // enough space for storing all the current elements
      if (!__resize_policy
          || (__nb_elements
              <= new_size * HashTableConst::default_mean_val_by_slot)) {
        // create a new array of __nodes to store the elements
        std::vector< HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc > > new_nodes(new_size);

        for (auto& list : new_nodes) {
          list.setAllocator(__alloc);
        }

        // set the new hash function
        __hash_func.resize(new_size);

        // put all the elements of the current __nodes array into the new one
        Bucket* bucket;
        Size    new_hashed_key;

        for (Size i = Size(0); i < __size; ++i) {
          while ((bucket = __nodes[i].__deb_list) != nullptr) {
            // compute the new hashed key
            new_hashed_key = __hash_func(bucket->key());

            // remove the bucket from the list of buckets of the current
            // node vector
            __nodes[i].__deb_list = bucket->next;

            // put the bucket into the new __nodes vector
            new_nodes[new_hashed_key].insert(bucket);
          }
        }

        // update the size of the hash table
        __size = new_size;
        __begin_index = std::numeric_limits< Size >::max();

        // substitute the current __nodes array by the new one
        std::swap(__nodes, new_nodes);

        // update the iterators
        for (auto iter : __safe_iterators) {
          if (iter->__bucket)
            iter->__index = __hash_func(iter->__bucket->key());
          else {
            iter->__next_bucket = nullptr;
            iter->__index = 0;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  void
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::__insert(HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* bucket) {
    Size hash_key = __hash_func(bucket->key());

    // check that there does not already exist an element with the same key
    if (__key_uniqueness_policy && __nodes[hash_key].exists(bucket->key())) {
      // remove the bucket from memory
      Key k = bucket->key();
      __alloc.destroy(bucket);
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      GUM_ERROR(DuplicateElement,
                "the hashtable contains an element with the same key (" << k
                                                                        << ")");
    }

    // check whether there is sufficient space to insert the new pair
    // if not, resize the current hashtable
    if (__resize_policy
        && (__nb_elements >= __size * HashTableConst::default_mean_val_by_slot)) {
      resize(__size << 1);
      hash_key = __hash_func(bucket->key());
    }

    // add the new pair
    __nodes[hash_key].insert(bucket);
    ++__nb_elements;

    // recompute the index of the beginning of the hashtable if possible
    // WARNING: if __begin_index = std::numeric_limits<Size>::max (), we CANNOT
    // recompute the index because we cannot know whether the current index is
    // equal to max because there was no element in the hashtable or whether a
    // previous __erase() has set the index to max.
    if (__begin_index < hash_key) { __begin_index = hash_key; }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::insert(const Key& thekey, const Val& theval) {
    Bucket* bucket = __alloc.allocate(1);

    try {
      __alloc.construct(bucket, thekey, theval);
    } catch (...) {
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      throw;
    }

    __insert(bucket);
    return bucket->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::insert(Key&& thekey, Val&& theval) {
    Bucket* bucket = __alloc.allocate(1);

    try {
      __alloc.construct(bucket, std::move(thekey), std::move(theval));
    } catch (...) {
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      throw;
    }

    __insert(bucket);
    return bucket->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::insert(const std::pair< Key, Val >& elt) {
    Bucket* bucket = __alloc.allocate(1);

    try {
      __alloc.construct(bucket, reinterpret_cast< const value_type& >(elt));
    } catch (...) {
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      throw;
    }

    __insert(bucket);
    return bucket->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::insert(std::pair< Key, Val >&& elt) {
    Bucket* bucket = __alloc.allocate(1);

    try {
      __alloc.construct(bucket, std::move(reinterpret_cast< value_type& >(elt)));
    } catch (...) {
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      throw;
    }

    __insert(bucket);
    return bucket->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename... Args >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::value_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::emplace(Args&&... args) {
    Bucket* bucket = __alloc.allocate(1);

    try {
      __alloc.construct(bucket,
                        HashTableBucket< Key, Val >::Emplace::EMPLACE,
                        std::forward< Args >(args)...);
    } catch (...) {
      __alloc.deallocate(bucket, 1);
      throw;
    }

    __insert(bucket);
    return bucket->elt();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::mapped_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::getWithDefault(const Key& key,
                                                  const Val& default_value) {
    Bucket* bucket = __nodes[__hash_func(key)].bucket(key);

    if (bucket == nullptr)
      return insert(key, default_value).second;
    else
      return bucket->val();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::mapped_type&
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::getWithDefault(Key&& key, Val&& default_value) {
    Bucket* bucket = __nodes[__hash_func(key)].bucket(key);

    if (bucket == nullptr)
      return insert(std::move(key), std::move(default_value)).second;
    else
      return bucket->val();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::set(const Key& key, const Val& value) {
    Bucket* bucket = __nodes[__hash_func(key)].bucket(key);

    if (bucket == nullptr)
      insert(key, value);
    else
      bucket->val() = value;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::__erase(HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* bucket,
                                             Size                         index) {
    if (bucket == nullptr) return;

    // update the registered iterators pointing to this bucket
    for (auto iter : __safe_iterators) {
      if (iter->__bucket == bucket) {
        iter->operator++();
        iter->__next_bucket = iter->__bucket;
        iter->__bucket = nullptr;
      } else if (iter->__next_bucket == bucket) {
        iter->__bucket = bucket;
        iter->operator++();
        iter->__next_bucket = iter->__bucket;
        iter->__bucket = nullptr;
      }
    }

    // remove the element from the __nodes vector
    __nodes[index].erase(bucket);

    --__nb_elements;

    if ((index == __begin_index) && __nodes[index].empty()) {
      __begin_index = std::numeric_limits< Size >::max();
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::erase(const Key& key) {
    // get the hashed key
    Size hash = __hash_func(key);

    // get the bucket containing the element to erase
    HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* bucket = __nodes[hash].bucket(key);

    __erase(bucket, hash);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::erase(const iterator_safe& iter) {
    __erase(iter.__getBucket(), iter.__getIndex());
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void
     HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::erase(const const_iterator_safe& iter) {
    __erase(iter.__getBucket(), iter.__getIndex());
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::eraseByVal(const Val& val) {
    for (auto iter = cbegin(); iter != cend(); ++iter)
      if (iter.__bucket->val() == val) {
        __erase(iter.__getBucket(), iter.__getIndex());
        return;
      }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::reset(const Key& key) {
    erase(key);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const Key& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::keyByVal(const Val& val) const {
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter)
      if (iter.__bucket->val() == val) return iter.key();

    GUM_ERROR(NotFound, "not enough elements in the chained list");
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE const Key& HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::key(const Key& key) const {
    // get the bucket corresponding to the key
    Bucket* bucket = __nodes[__hash_func(key)].bucket(key);

    if (bucket == nullptr) {
      GUM_ERROR(NotFound, "key does not belong to the hashtable");
    }

    return bucket->key();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  void HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::eraseAllVal(const Val& val) {
    for (auto iterAll = cbeginSafe(); iterAll != cendSafe(); ++iterAll) {
      if (iterAll.__bucket->val() == val) {
        __erase(iterAll.__bucket, iterAll.__index);
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  INLINE bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::empty() const noexcept {
    return (__nb_elements == Size(0));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename Mount, typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > INLINE HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::map(
     Mount (*f)(Val), Size size, bool resize_pol, bool key_uniqueness_pol) const {
    // determine the proper size of the hashtable
    // by default, the size of the table is set so that the table does not take
    // too much space while allowing to add a few elements without needing to
    // resize in autmatic resizing mode
    if (size == 0) size = std::max(Size(2), __nb_elements / 2);

    // create a new table
    HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > table(
       size, resize_pol, key_uniqueness_pol);

    // fill the new hash table
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter) {
      table.insert(iter.key(), f(iter.val()));
    }

    return table;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename Mount, typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > INLINE HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::map(
     Mount (*f)(Val&), Size size, bool resize_pol, bool key_uniqueness_pol) const {
    // determine the proper size of the hashtable
    // by default, the size of the table is set so that the table does not take
    // too much space while allowing to add a few elements without needing to
    // resize in autmatic resizing mode
    if (size == Size(0)) size = std::max(Size(2), __nb_elements / 2);

    // create a new table
    HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > table(
       size, resize_pol, key_uniqueness_pol);

    // fill the new hash table
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter) {
      table.insert(iter.key(), f(const_cast< Val& >(iter.val())));
    }

    return table;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename Mount, typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc >
     INLINE HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::map(Mount (*f)(const Val&),
                                              Size size,
                                              bool resize_pol,
                                              bool key_uniqueness_pol) const {
    // determine the proper size of the hashtable
    // by default, the size of the table is set so that the table does not take
    // too much space while allowing to add a few elements without needing to
    // resize in autmatic resizing mode
    if (size == Size(0)) size = std::max(Size(2), __nb_elements / 2);

    // create a new table
    HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > table(
       size, resize_pol, key_uniqueness_pol);

    // fill the new hash table
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter) {
      table.insert(iter.key(), f(iter.val()));
    }

    return table;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename Mount, typename OtherAlloc >
  HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > INLINE HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::map(
     const Mount& val, Size size, bool resize_pol, bool key_uniqueness_pol) const {
    // determine the proper size of the hashtable
    // by default, the size of the table is set so that the table does not take
    // too much space while allowing to add a few elements without needing to
    // resize in autmatic resizing mode
    if (size == Size(0)) size = std::max(Size(2), __nb_elements / 2);

    // create a new table
    HashTable< Key, Mount, OtherAlloc > table(
       size, resize_pol, key_uniqueness_pol);

    // fill the new hash table
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter) {
      table.insert(iter.key(), val);
    }

    return table;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
       operator==(const HashTable< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& from) const {
    // checks whether the two hashtables contain the same number of elements
    if (from.__nb_elements != __nb_elements) return false;

    // parse this and check that each element also belongs to from
    for (auto iter = begin(); iter != end(); ++iter) {
      try {
        if (iter.val() != from[iter.key()]) return false;
      } catch (NotFound&) { return false; }
    }

    return true;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  template < typename OtherAlloc >
  INLINE bool HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >::
              operator!=(const HashTable< Key, Val, OtherAlloc >& from) const {
    return !operator==(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&                           stream,
                           const HashTableList< Key, Val, Alloc >& list) {
    bool deja = false;
    stream << "[";

    for (HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* ptr = list.__deb_list; ptr;
         ptr = ptr->list.next, deja = true) {
      if (deja) stream << " , ";

      stream << ptr->key() << "=>" << ptr->val();
    }

    stream << "]";

    return stream;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&                            stream,
                           const HashTableList< Key*, Val, Alloc >& list) {
    bool deja = false;
    stream << "[";

    for (HashTableBucket< Key, Val >* ptr = list.__deb_list; ptr;
         ptr = ptr->list.next, deja = true) {
      if (deja) stream << " , ";

      stream << ptr->key() << "=>" << ptr->val();
    }

    stream << "]";

    return stream;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&                       stream,
                           const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& table) {
    bool deja = false;
    stream << "{";

    for (Size i = Size(0); i < table.__size; ++i)
      for (auto ptr = table.__nodes[i].__deb_list; ptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
        if (deja) stream << " , ";

        stream << ptr->key() << "=>" << ptr->val();

        deja = true;
      }

    stream << "}";

    return stream;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val, typename Alloc >
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&                        stream,
                           const HashTable< Key*, Val, Alloc >& table) {
    bool deja = false;
    stream << "{";

    for (Size i = Size(0); i < table.__size; ++i)
      for (auto ptr = table.__nodes[i].__deb_list; ptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
        if (deja) stream << " , ";

        stream << ptr->key() << "=>" << ptr->val();

        deja = true;
      }

    stream << "}";

    return stream;
  }

  // ===========================================================================
  // ===                SAFE HASH TABLE ITERATORS IMPLEMENTATION             ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE void
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::__insertIntoSafeList() const {
    __table->__safe_iterators.push_back(
       const_cast< HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >* >(this));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE void
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::__removeFromSafeList() const {
    if (__table == nullptr) return;

    // find where the iterator is
    std::vector< HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >* >& iter_vect =
       __table->__safe_iterators;

    auto len = iter_vect.size();
    for (Size i = Size(0); i < len; ++i) {
      if (iter_vect[i] == this) {
        iter_vect.erase(iter_vect.begin() + i);
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe() {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab) :
      __table{reinterpret_cast< const HashTable< Key, Val >* >(&tab)} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);

    // make the hashtable keep track of this iterator
    __insertIntoSafeList();

    if (__table->__nb_elements) {
      if (__table->__begin_index != std::numeric_limits< Size >::max()) {
        __index = __table->__begin_index;
        __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
      } else {
        // find the element we shall point to from the start of the hashtable
        for (Size i = __table->__size - Size(1);; --i) {   // no test on i since
                                                           // __nb_elements != 0
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            __index = i;
            __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
            __table->__begin_index = __index;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab, Size ind_elt) :
      __table{reinterpret_cast< const HashTable< Key, Val >* >(&tab)} {
    Size i;

    // check if we are looking for a begin() and we know for sure its index
    if ((ind_elt == Size(0))
        && (__table->__begin_index != std::numeric_limits< Size >::max())) {
      __index = __table->__begin_index;
      __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
    } else {
      // check if it is faster to find the ind_eltth element from the start or
      // from the end of the hashtable
      if (ind_elt < (__table->__nb_elements >> 1)) {
        // find the element we shall point to from the start of the hashtable
        for (i = __table->__size - 1;; --i) {   // no test on i since
          // ind_elt < _table->__nb_elements
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            if (ind_elt >= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements)
              ind_elt -= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements;
            else {
              for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__end_list; ind_elt;
                   --ind_elt, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

              __index = i;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        // ind_elt = the index of the element we should point to
        // check if the index passed as parameter is valid
        if (ind_elt >= __table->__nb_elements) {
          GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue,
                    "Not enough elements in the hashtable");
        }

        // find the element we shall point to from the end of the hashtable
        for (i = 0, ind_elt = __table->__nb_elements - ind_elt - 1;; ++i) {
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            if (ind_elt >= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements)
              ind_elt -= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements;
            else {
              for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__deb_list; ind_elt;
                   --ind_elt, __bucket = __bucket->next) {}

              __index = i;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);

    // make the hashtable keep track of this iterator
    __insertIntoSafeList();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe(
     const HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) :
      __table{from.__table},
      __index{from.__index}, __bucket{from.__bucket}, __next_bucket{
                                                         from.__next_bucket} {
    // make the hashtable keep track of this iterator
    if (__table != nullptr) { __insertIntoSafeList(); }

    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe(
     const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) :
      __table{from.__table},
      __index{from.__index}, __bucket{from.__bucket} {
    // make the hashtable keep track of this iterator
    if (__table != nullptr) { __insertIntoSafeList(); }

    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIteratorSafe(
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >&& from) :
      __table{from.__table},
      __index{from.__index}, __bucket{from.__bucket}, __next_bucket{
                                                         from.__next_bucket} {
    GUM_CONS_MOV(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);

    // find "from" in the hashtable's list of safe iterators and substitute
    // it by this
    if (__table != nullptr) {
      std::vector< HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >* >& vect =
         __table->__safe_iterators;

      for (auto ptr = vect.rbegin(); ptr != vect.rend(); ++ptr) {
        if (*ptr == &from) {
          *ptr = this;
          from.__table = nullptr;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key,
                                 Val >::~HashTableConstIteratorSafe() noexcept {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIteratorSafe);

    // remove the iterator from the table's iterator list
    __removeFromSafeList();
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                          operator=(const HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) {
    // here, no need to avoid self assignment: this would slow down normal
    // assignments and, in any case, this would not result in an iterator in
    // an incoherent state
    // check if the current hashtable is different from that of "from". In such
    // a case, we shall remove the iterator from its current hashtable
    // iterator's
    // list and add it to the new hashtable iterator's list
    if (__table != from.__table) {
      // remove the iterator from its hashtable iterator's list'
      __removeFromSafeList();

      __table = from.__table;

      // add to the new table
      if (__table) { __insertIntoSafeList(); }
    }

    __index = from.__index;
    __bucket = from.__bucket;
    __next_bucket = from.__next_bucket;

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                          operator=(const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) {
    // here, no need to avoid self assignment: this would slow down normal
    // assignments and, in any case, this would not result in an iterator in
    // an incoherent state
    // check if the current hashtable is different from that of "from". In such
    // a case, we shall remove the iterator from its current hashtable
    // iterator's
    // list and add it to the new hashtable iterator's list
    if (__table != from.__table) {
      // remove the iterator from its hashtable iterator's list'
      __removeFromSafeList();

      __table = from.__table;

      // add to the new table
      if (__table) { __insertIntoSafeList(); }
    }

    __index = from.__index;
    __bucket = from.__bucket;
    __next_bucket = nullptr;

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >&
         HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
         operator=(HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept {
    // here, no need to avoid self assignment: this would slow down normal
    // assignments and, in any case, this would not result in an iterator in
    // an incoherent state
    // check if the current hashtable is different from that of "from". In such
    // a case, we shall remove the iterator from its current hashtable
    // iterator's
    // list and add it to the new hashtable iterator's list
    if (__table != from.__table) {
      // remove the iterator from its hashtable iterator's list'
      __removeFromSafeList();

      if (from.__table != nullptr) {
        // substitute from by this in the list of safe iterators
        std::vector< HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >* >& vect =
           from.__table->__safe_iterators;

        for (auto ptr = vect.rbegin(); ptr != vect.rend(); ++ptr) {
          if (*ptr == &from) {
            *ptr = this;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      __table = from.__table;
      from.__table = nullptr;
    }

    __index = from.__index;
    __bucket = from.__bucket;
    __next_bucket = from.__next_bucket;

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::key_type&
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::key() const {
    if (__bucket != nullptr)
      return __bucket->key();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::mapped_type&
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::val() const {
    if (__bucket != nullptr)
      return __bucket->val();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE void HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::clear() noexcept {
    // remove the iterator from the table's iterator list
    __removeFromSafeList();

    // set its table as well as the element it points to to 0
    __table = nullptr;
    __bucket = nullptr;
    __next_bucket = nullptr;
    __index = Size(0);
  }

  // WARNING: never inline this function: this result in g++4.3.3 producing a
  // code that segfaults.
  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                          operator++() noexcept {
    // if __bucket != nullptr then use it, else use next_bucket
    if (__bucket == nullptr) {
      // note that this case only happens when the iterator pointed to an
      // element
      // that has just been erased. Fortunately, in this case, the Hashtable's
      // erase functions update appropriately the __next_bucket and __index
      // fields.
      __bucket = __next_bucket;
      __next_bucket = nullptr;
    } else {
      // ok, here we can use __bucket as a starting point

      // if we are not pointing on the first element of the chained list, just
      // point to the preceding bucket in this list
      if (__bucket->prev) {
        __bucket = __bucket->prev;
        // here, no need to update __next_bucket, which is compulsorily
        // equal to nullptr, nor __index which has not changed.
      } else {
        // ok, here we are on the beginning of a chained list,
        // so 2 cases can obtain:
        // 1/ index = 0 : then we have reached the end of the hashtable
        // 2/ index != 0 => we must search for a new slot containing elements

        // case 1:
        if (__index == Size(0)) {
          __bucket = nullptr;
          // we are thus at the end() of the hashTable
        }
        // case 2:
        else {
          // arrived here, we need to parse the hash table until we find a new
          // bucket because we are pointing on a chained list with no more
          // element
          // to the left of the current element
          if (__index > Size(0)) {
            for (Size i = __index - Size(1); i > Size(0); --i) {
              if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
                __index = i;
                __bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__end_list;
                return *this;
              }
            }
          }

          if (__table->__nodes[0].__nb_elements)
            __bucket = __table->__nodes[0].__end_list;
          else
            __bucket = nullptr;

          __index = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                          operator+=(Size nb) noexcept {
    if ((nb == Size(0)) || (__table == nullptr)) return *this;

    // if __bucket != nullptr then use it, else use next_bucket
    if (__bucket == nullptr) {
      // note that this case only happens when the iterator pointed to an
      // element
      // that has just been erased. Fortunately, in this case, the Hashtable's
      // erase functions update appropriately the __next_bucket and __index
      // fields.
      __bucket = __next_bucket;
      __next_bucket = nullptr;
      --nb;
    }

    // ok, here we can use __bucket as a starting point: parse all the elements
    // of the current chained list
    for (; nb && __bucket != nullptr; --nb, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

    if (__bucket != nullptr) return *this;

    // here, we shall skip all the chained list that have not sufficiently
    // many elements
    --__index;

    for (; __index < __table->__size
           && nb >= __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements;
         nb -= __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements, --__index) {}

    // here: either __index >= __table->__size, which means that we did not find
    // the element we looked for, i.e., we are at the end of the hashtable, or
    // nb < __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements, and we should parse the
    // chained list to get the element (which, we know for sure, exists)
    if (__index >= __table->__size) {
      __index = Size(0);
      return *this;
    }

    for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list; nb;
         --nb, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator+(Size nb) const {
    return HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >{*this} += nb;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
              operator!=(const HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) const
     noexcept {
    return ((__bucket != from.__bucket) || (__index != from.__index));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
              operator==(const HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) const
     noexcept {
    return ((__bucket == from.__bucket) && (__index == from.__index));
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator*() const {
    if (__bucket)
      return __bucket->elt();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableBucket< Key, Val >*
         HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::__getBucket() const noexcept {
    return __bucket;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE Size HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::__getIndex() const noexcept {
    return __index;
  }

  // ===========================================================================
  // ===                SAFE HASH TABLE ITERATORS IMPLEMENTATION             ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe() :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >() {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab) :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >(tab) {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab, Size ind_elt) :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >(tab, ind_elt) {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe(
     const HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >(from) {
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe(
     const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >(from) {
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::HashTableIteratorSafe(
     HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept :
      HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >(std::move(from)) {
    GUM_CONS_MOV(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::~HashTableIteratorSafe() noexcept {
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(HashTableIteratorSafe);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE typename HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::mapped_type&
     HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::val() {
    return const_cast< Val& >(HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::val());
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                            operator=(const HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) {
    GUM_OP_CPY(HashTableIteratorSafe);
    HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator=(from);
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                            operator=(const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) {
    GUM_OP_CPY(HashTableIteratorSafe);
    HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator=(from);
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                            operator=(HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept {
    HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator=(std::move(from));
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                            operator++() noexcept {
    HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator++();
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                            operator+=(Size nb) noexcept {
    HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator+=(nb);
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val > HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
                                           operator+(Size nb) const {
    HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val > iter{*this};
    iter += nb;
    return iter;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
              operator!=(const HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator!=(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::
              operator==(const HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator==(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE typename HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator*() {
    return const_cast< Val& >(HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator*());
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator*() const {
    return HashTableConstIteratorSafe< Key, Val >::operator*();
  }

  // ===========================================================================
  // ===            UNSAFE HASH TABLE CONST ITERATORS IMPLEMENTATION         ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIterator() noexcept {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIterator(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab) noexcept :
      __table{reinterpret_cast< const HashTable< Key, Val >* >(&tab)} {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIterator);

    if (__table->__nb_elements) {
      if (__table->__begin_index != std::numeric_limits< Size >::max()) {
        __index = __table->__begin_index;
        __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
      } else {
        // find the element we shall point to from the start of the hashtable
        for (Size i = __table->__size - Size(1);; --i) {   // no test on i since
          // __nb_elements != 0
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            __index = i;
            __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
            __table->__begin_index = __index;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIterator(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab, Size ind_elt) :
      __table{reinterpret_cast< const HashTable< Key, Val >* >(&tab)} {
    Size i;

    // check if we are looking for a begin() and we know for sure its index
    if ((ind_elt == Size(0))
        && (__table->__begin_index != std::numeric_limits< Size >::max())) {
      __index = __table->__begin_index;
      __bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list;
    } else {
      // check if it is faster to find the ind_eltth element from the start or
      // from the end of the hashtable
      if (ind_elt < (__table->__nb_elements >> 1)) {
        // find the element we shall point to from the start of the hashtable
        for (i = __table->__size - 1;; --i) {   // no test on i since
          // ind_elt < _table->__nb_elements
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            if (ind_elt >= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements)
              ind_elt -= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements;
            else {
              for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__end_list; ind_elt;
                   --ind_elt, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

              __index = i;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        // ind_elt = the index of the element we should point to
        // check if the index passed as parameter is valid
        if (ind_elt >= __table->__nb_elements) {
          GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue,
                    "Not enough elements in the hashtable");
        }

        // find the element we shall point to from the end of the hashtable
        for (i = 0, ind_elt = __table->__nb_elements - ind_elt - 1;; ++i) {
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            if (ind_elt >= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements)
              ind_elt -= __table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements;
            else {
              for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__deb_list; ind_elt;
                   --ind_elt, __bucket = __bucket->next) {}

              __index = i;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIterator(
     const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) noexcept :
      __table{from.__table},
      __index{from.__index}, __bucket{from.__bucket} {
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableConstIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableConstIterator(
     HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept :
      __table{from.__table},
      __index{from.__index}, __bucket{from.__bucket} {
    GUM_CONS_MOV(HashTableConstIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::~HashTableConstIterator() noexcept {
    // for debugging purposes
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(HashTableConstIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
                                             operator=(const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) noexcept {
    // here, no need to avoid self assignment: this would slow down normal
    // assignments and, in any case, this would not result in an iterator in
    // an incoherent state
    __table = from.__table;
    __index = from.__index;
    __bucket = from.__bucket;

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
                                             operator=(HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept {
    // here, no need to avoid self assignment: this would slow down normal
    // assignments and, in any case, this would not result in an iterator in
    // an incoherent state
    __table = from.__table;
    __index = from.__index;
    __bucket = from.__bucket;

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::key_type&
     HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::key() const {
    if (__bucket)
      return __bucket->pair.first;
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::mapped_type&
     HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::val() const {
    if (__bucket)
      return __bucket->val();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE void HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::clear() noexcept {
    __table = nullptr;
    __bucket = nullptr;
    __index = 0;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
                                      operator++() noexcept {
    // if __bucket == nullptr then we are at the end of the hashtable
    if (__bucket == nullptr) return *this;

    // if we are not pointing on the first element of the chained list, just
    // point to the next bucket in this list
    if (__bucket->prev) {
      __bucket = __bucket->prev;
      // here, no need to update __index which has not changed.
    } else {
      // ok, here we are on the end of a chained list,
      // so 2 cases can obtain:
      // 1/ index = 0 : then we have reached the end of the hashtable
      // 2/ index != 0 => we must search for a new slot containing elements

      // case 1:
      if (__index == Size(0)) {
        __bucket = nullptr;
        // we are thus at the end() of the hashTable
      }

      // case 2:
      else {
        // arrived here, we need to parse the hash table until we find a new
        // bucket because we are pointing on a chained list with no more element
        // to the right of the current element
        for (Size i = __index - Size(1); i; --i) {
          if (__table->__nodes[i].__nb_elements) {
            __index = i;
            __bucket = __table->__nodes[i].__end_list;
            return *this;
          }
        }

        if (__table->__nodes[0].__nb_elements)
          __bucket = __table->__nodes[0].__end_list;
        else
          __bucket = nullptr;

        __index = Size(0);
      }
    }

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
                                      operator+=(Size nb) noexcept {
    if ((nb == 0) || (__table == nullptr) || (__bucket == nullptr)) return *this;

    // ok, here we can use __bucket as a starting point: parse all the elements
    // of the current chained list
    for (; nb && __bucket != nullptr; --nb, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

    if (__bucket != nullptr) return *this;

    // here, we shall skip all the chained list that have not sufficiently
    // many elements
    --__index;

    for (; __index < __table->__size
           && nb >= __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements;
         nb -= __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements, --__index) {}

    // here: either __index >= __table->__size, which means that we did not find
    // the element we looked for, i.e., we are at the end of the hashtable, or
    // nb < __table->__nodes[__index].__nb_elements, and we should parse the
    // chained list to get the element (which, we know for sure, exists)
    if (__index >= __table->__size) {
      __index = 0;
      return *this;
    }

    for (__bucket = __table->__nodes[__index].__end_list; nb;
         --nb, __bucket = __bucket->prev) {}

    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val > HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
                                            operator+(Size nb) const noexcept {
    return HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >{*this} += nb;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
              operator!=(const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return (__bucket != from.__bucket);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::
              operator==(const HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return (__bucket == from.__bucket);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator*() const {
    if (__bucket)
      return __bucket->elt();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE typename HashTable< Key, Val >::Bucket*
     HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::__getBucket() const noexcept {
    return __bucket;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE Size HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::__getIndex() const noexcept {
    return __index;
  }

  // ===========================================================================
  // ===               UNSAFE HASH TABLE ITERATORS IMPLEMENTATION            ===
  // ===========================================================================

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableIterator() noexcept :
      HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >() {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableIterator(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab) noexcept :
      HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >(tab) {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  template < typename Alloc >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableIterator(
     const HashTable< Key, Val, Alloc >& tab, Size ind_elt) :
      HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >(tab, ind_elt) {
    GUM_CONSTRUCTOR(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableIterator(
     const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) noexcept :
      HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >(from) {
    GUM_CONS_CPY(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::HashTableIterator(
     HashTableIterator< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept :
      HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >(std::move(from)) {
    GUM_CONS_MOV(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::~HashTableIterator() noexcept {
    GUM_DESTRUCTOR(HashTableIterator);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE typename HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::mapped_type&
     HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::val() {
    if (this->__bucket)
      return this->__bucket->val();
    else {
      GUM_ERROR(UndefinedIteratorValue, "Accessing a nullptr object");
    }
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
                                        operator=(const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) noexcept {
    HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator=(from);
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
                                        operator=(HashTableIterator< Key, Val >&& from) noexcept {
    HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator=(std::move(from));
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
                                        operator++() noexcept {
    HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator++();
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
                                        operator+=(Size nb) noexcept {
    HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator+=(nb);
    return *this;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE HashTableIterator< Key, Val > HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
                                       operator+(Size nb) const noexcept {
    HashTableIterator< Key, Val > iter{*this};
    iter += nb;
    return iter;
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
              operator!=(const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator!=(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE bool HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::
              operator==(const HashTableIterator< Key, Val >& from) const noexcept {
    return HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator==(from);
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE typename HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::operator*() {
    return const_cast< value_type& >(
       HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator*());
  }

  template < typename Key, typename Val >
  INLINE const typename HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::value_type&
     HashTableIterator< Key, Val >::operator*() const {
    return HashTableConstIterator< Key, Val >::operator*();
  }

} /* namespace gum */